Getting Started

Installing Platypus

To install the latest development version of Platypus, run the following commands. Note that Platypus is under active development, and as such may contain bugs.

git clone https://github.com/Project-Platypus/Platypus.git
cd Platypus
python setup.py develop

A Simple Example

As an initial example, we will solve the well-known two objective DTLZ2 problem using the NSGA-II algorithm:

from platypus.algorithms import NSGAII
from platypus.problems import DTLZ2

# define the problem definition
problem = DTLZ2()

# instantiate the optimization algorithm
algorithm = NSGAII(problem)

# optimize the problem using 10,000 function evaluations
algorithm.run(10000)

# display the results
for solution in algorithm.result:
   print solution.objectives

The output shows on each line the objectives for a Pareto optimal solution:

[1.00289403128, 6.63772921439e-05]
[0.000320076737668, 1.00499316652]
[1.00289403128, 6.63772921439e-05]
[0.705383878891, 0.712701387377]
[0.961083112366, 0.285860932437]
[0.729124908607, 0.688608373855]
...

If matplotlib is available, we can also plot the results. Note that matplotlib must be installed separately. Running the following code

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.scatter([s.objectives[0] for s in algorithm.result],
            [s.objectives[1] for s in algorithm.result])
plt.xlim([0, 1.1])
plt.ylim([0, 1.1])
plt.xlabel("$f_1(x)$")
plt.ylabel("$f_2(x)$")
plt.show()

produce a plot similar to:

Pareto front for the DTLZ2 problem

Note that we did not need to specify many settings when constructing NSGA-II. For any options not specified by the user, Platypus supplies the appropriate settings using best practices. In this example, Platypus inspected the problem definition to determine that the DTLZ2 problem consists of real-valued decision variables and selected the Simulated Binary Crossover (SBX) and Polynomial Mutation (PM) operators. One can easily switch to using different operators, such as Parent-Centric Crossover (PCX):

from platypus.algorithms import NSGAII
from platypus.problems import DTLZ2
from platypus.operators import PCX

problem = DTLZ2()

algorithm = NSGAII(problem, variator = PCX())
algorithm.run(10000)

Defining Unconstrained Problems

There are several ways to define problems in Platypus, but all revolve around the Problem class. For unconstrained problems, the problem is defined by a function that accepts a single argument, a list of decision variables, and returns a list of objective values. For example, the bi-objective, Schaffer problem, defined by

\text{minimize } (x^2, (x-2)^2) \text{ for } x \in [-10, 10]

can be programmed as follows:

from platypus.algorithms import NSGAII
from platypus.core import Problem
from platypus.types import Real

def schaffer(x):
   return [x[0]**2, (x[0]-2)**2]

problem = Problem(1, 2)
problem.types[:] = Real(-10, 10)
problem.function = schaffer

When creating the Problem class, we provide two arguments: the number if decision variables, 1, and the number of objectives, 2. Next, we specify the types of the decision variables. In this case, we use a real-valued variable bounded between -10 and 10. Finally, we define the function for evaluating the problem.

Tip: The notation problem.types[:] is a shorthand way to assign all decision variables to the same type. This is using Python’s slice notation. You can also assign the type of a single decision variable, such as problem.types[0], or any subset, such as problem.types[1:].

An equivalent but more reusable way to define this problem is extending the Problem class. The types are defined in the __init__ method, and the actual evaluation is performed in the evaluate method.

from platypus.algorithms import NSGAII
from platypus.core import Problem, evaluator
from platypus.types import Real

class Schaffer(Problem):

    def __init__(self):
        super(Schaffer, self).__init__(1, 2)
        self.types[:] = Real(-10, 10)

    @evaluator
    def evaluate(self, solution):
        x = solution.variables[:]
        solution.objectives[:] = [x[0]**2, (x[0]-2)**2]

algorithm = NSGAII(Schaffer())
algorithm.run(10000)

Note that the evaluate method is decorated by @evaluator. It is important to use this decoration when extending the Problem class, otherwise certain required attributes of a solution will not be computed.

Defining Constrained Problems

Constrained problems are defined similarly, but must provide two additional pieces of information. First, they must compute the constraint value (or values if the problem defines more than one constraint). Second, they must specify when constraint is feasible and infeasible. To demonstrate this, we will use the Belegundu problem, defined by:

\text{minimize } (-2x+y, 2x+y) \text{ subject to } y-x \leq 1 \text{ and } x+y \leq 7

This problem has two inequality constraints. We first simplify the constraints by moving the constant to the left of the inequality. The resulting formulation is:

\text{minimize } (-2x+y, 2x+y) \text{ subject to } y-x-1 \leq 0 \text{ and } x+y-7 \leq 0

Then, we program this problem within Platypus as follows:

from platypus.core import Problem
from platypus.types import Real

def belegundu(vars):
    x = vars[0]
    y = vars[1]
    return [-2*x + y, 2*x + y], [-x + y - 1, x + y - 7]

problem = Problem(2, 2, 2)
problem.types[:] = [Real(0, 5), Real(0, 3)]
problem.constraints[:] = "<=0"
problem.function = belegundu

First, we call Problem(2, 2, 2) to create a problem with two decision variables, two objectives, and two constraints, respectively. Next, we set the decision variable types and the constraint feasibility criteria. The constraint feasibility criteria is specified as the string "<=0", meaning a solution is feasible if the constraint values are less than or equal to zero. Platypus is flexible in how constraints are defined, and can include inequality and equality constraints such as ">=0", "==0", or "!=5". Finally, we set the evaluation function. Note how the belegundu function returns a tuple (two lists) for the objectives and constraints.

Alternatively, we can develop a reusable class for this problem by extending the Problem class. Like before, we move the type and constraint declarations to the __init__ method and assign the solution’s constraints attribute in the evaluate method.

from platypus.core import Problem, evaluator
from platypus.types import Real

class Belegundu(Problem):

    def __init__(self):
        super(Belegundu, self).__init__(2, 2, 2)
        self.types[:] = [Real(0, 5), Real(0, 3)]
        self.constraints[:] = "<=0"

    @evaluator
    def evaluate(self, solution):
        x = solution.variables[0]
        y = solution.variables[1]
        solution.objectives[:] = [-2*x + y, 2*x + y]
        solution.constraints[:] = [-x + y - 1, x + y - 7]

In these examples, we have assumed that the objectives are being minimized. Platypus is flexible and allows the optimization direction to be changed per objective by setting the directions attribute. For example:

problem.directions[:] = Problem.MAXIMIZE